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Cambrai Homily
The ''Cambrai Homily'' is the earliest known Irish homily, dating to the 7th or early 8th century. It is evidence that a written vernacular encouraged by the Church had already been established alongside Latin by the 7th century in Ireland. The homily is also the oldest single example of an extended prose passage in Old Irish.〔Dáibhí Ó Cróinín, "Hiberno-Latin Literature to 1169," and James Carney, "Language and Literature to 1168," in ''A New History of Ireland'' (Oxford University Press, 2005), pp. 379 and 492.〕 The text is incomplete, and Latin and Irish are mixed. Quotations from the Bible and patristic sources are in Latin, with the explication in Irish. It is a significant document for the study of Celtic linguistics and for understanding sermons as they might have existed in the 7th-century Irish church. The homily also contains the earliest examples in written Irish of triads, a form of expression characteristic of early Irish literature, though the text taken as a whole is not composed in triads.〔''Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia'', edited by Seán Duffy (Routledge, 2005), p. 452.〕
The homily expounds on with a selection from the ''Homilia in Evangelia'' by Pope Gregory I and an explanation of three modes of martyrdom, designated by the colors red, blue (or green, Irish ''glas''), and white.〔Westley Follett, ''Céli Dé in Ireland: Monastic Writing and Identity in the Early Middle Ages'' (Boydell Press, 2006), pp. 54–56 (online. )〕
==Linguistic significance==
The ''Cambrai Homily'', in reference to the French town Cambrai where it is kept at the municipal library, is one of the few surviving written sources for Old Irish in the period 700 to 900.〔Others are the Book of Armagh and the three main collections of glosses on Latin biblical and grammatical texts: the Würzburg glosses on the epistles of Paul, the Milan glosses on a commentary to the Psalms, and the St. Gall glosses on Priscian. See Early Irish literature: The Old Irish glosses.〕 As such, it was an important source for Rudolf Thurneysen's classic grammar of Old Irish. It exhibits some distinctive orthographical features; for instance, a long vowel is sometimes indicated in the manuscript not with a diacritical mark, but by doubling or writing out the vowel twice.〔Paul Russell, " 'What Was Best of Every Language': The Early History of the Irish Language," in ''A New History of Ireland'', p. 412; p. 417 for some variants the ''Cambrai Homily'' exhibits; p. 418 on vowel doubling. See also Gearóid Mac Eoin, "Literacy and Cultural Change in Early Ireland," in ''Verschriftung und Verschriftlichung: Aspekte des Medienwechsels in verschiedenen Kulturen und Epochen'' (Gunter Narr Verlag, 1998),
p. 114 (online. )〕
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